appsc Assistant Conservator of Forests Scheme and Syllabus
Scheme and Syllabus for
Recruitment the post of Assistant Conservator of Forests in Andhra Pradesh
Forest Service
(in terms of G.O.Ms.No. 625, G.A.
(Ser.A) Dept., dt: 22/8/2007)
SCHEME
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Maximum
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Minimum
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Subject
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Duration
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qualifying
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No.
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Marks
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of Marks
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selection
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Part – A
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Written Examination (Conventional
Type)
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Compulsory Papers:
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3 Hours.
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150 Marks
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SC & STs - 297
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1 General Studies
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2 General English
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3 Hours.
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150 Marks
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BCs - 346.50
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Optional: One
Optional Subject comprising two
papers
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3. Optional Paper – 1
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3 Hours.
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150 Marks
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Others – 396
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4. Optional Paper – 2
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3 Hours.
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150 Marks
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Part – B: Interview (Oral Test)
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60 Marks
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List of Optional Subjects:
The
candidates have to choose one optional subject from the following:
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01.
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Agriculture
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Geology
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02.
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Agricultural Engineering
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Horticulture
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03.
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Botany
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10.
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Mathematics
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04.
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Chemistry
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11.
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Mechanical Engineering
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05.
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Chemical Engineering
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12.
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Physics
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06.
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Civil Engineering
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13.
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Statistics
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07.
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Forestry
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14.
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Zoology
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Note:
The standard of
papers for compulsories will be such as may be expected of a Graduate. The scope
of the syllabus for optional paper is of the Honours Degree level. In the case
of Engineering subjects the level corresponds to the Bachelors Degree.
N.B: 1.
All the question papers must be answered in English only.
2. Question papers will be set in English
only.
3. Subject to minimum qualifying marks
for interview and selection viz; 40% for Ocs; 35% for BCs and 30% for SCs/STs
the candidates belonging to SCs/STs/BCs may be called for interview by relaxing
the minimum qualifying marks at the discretion of the Commission; if the
Commission is of the opinion that the sufficient number of candidates from
these communities are not likely to come up for interview..
4. After written examination eligible
candidates will be called for interview (Oral Test) at the ratio of 1:3
category wise duly following the special representation as laid down in General
Rule-22 of State & Subordinate Service Rules.
5. A candidate will be required to under
go a walking test and also a Medical Examination (Conducted by a Medical Board)
before he/she is finally called for interview. Both the tests shall be arranged
by the Forest Department duly taking concurrence of the Commission.
Appearance
at all papers and tests is compulsory for eligibility of candidature for
Interview.
Absence at any or all of the papers will render the
candidature invalid for the recruitment
1. GENERAL STUDIES
1.
General
Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their
implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may
be expected of a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any
scientific discipline.
2.
Current
events of national and international importance.
3.
History of India – emphasis will be on broad
general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and
political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement.
4.
World
Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP.
5.
Indian
polity and Economy – including the country’s political system- rural
development – Planning and economic reforms in India.
2. GENERAL ENGLISH
Candidates will be required to write
an essay in English. Other questions will be designed to test their
understanding of English and workmanlike use of words. Passages will usually be
set for summary or précis.
OPTIONAL SUBJECTS:
Total Number of questions in the question papers of
Optional subjects will be eight (8) . All questions will carry equal marks.
Each paper will be devided into two parts viz., Part-A and Part-B, each part
containing (4) four questions. Out of (8) eight question, (5) five questions
are to be attempted. One question in each part will be compulsory. Candidates
will be required answer three more questions out of the remaining six
questions, taking at least one question from each part. In this way at least
two questions will be attempted from each part i.e., one compulsory question
plus one more.
1.
AGRICULTURE
PAPER-1
Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources,
their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment
as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of
crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators
of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops,
animals, and humans.
Cropping pattern in different agro-climatic zones of the
country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in
cropping pattern. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistorey, relay and
inter-cropping, and their importance in relation to food production. Package of
practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres,
sugar, commercial and fodder crops grown during kharif and Rabi seasons in
different regions of the country.
Important features, scope and propagation of various
types of forestry plantations such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry
and natural forests.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and
association with various crops; their multiplications, cultural, biological,
and chemical control of weeds.
Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties.
Processes and factors of soil formation. Modern classification of Indian soils,
Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil
productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils
and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious
fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil,
nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils.
Fixation of phosporus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient
use. Problem soils and their reclamation methods.
Soil Conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion
and run-off management in hilly, foot hills, and valley lands; processes and
factors affecting them. Dry land agriculture and its problems. Technology of
stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production,
criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses
of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged
soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soils and
water pollution.
Farm management, scope, important and characteristics, farm
planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of
farming systems.
Marketing
and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their
cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of
farming and factors affecting them.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods
of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big,
small, and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm
mechanization and its role in agricultural production and rural employment.
Training programmes for extension workers; lab-to-land programmes.
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AGRICULTURE
PAPER-2
Cell
Theory, cell structure, cell organelles and their function, cell division,
nucleic acids-structure and function, gene structure and function. Laws of
heredity, their significance in plant breeding. Chromosome structure,
chromosomal abberrations, linkage and cross-over, and their significance in
recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and an euploids. Mutation-micro
and macro-and their role in crop improvement. Variation, components of
variation. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and
their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked,
sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of
plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin
and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop
genetic resources -conservation and utilization. Application of principles of
plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pure-line selection, pedigree,
mass and recurrent selections, combining ability, its significance in plant
breeding. Hybrid vigour and its exploitation, backcross method of breeding,
breeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and
intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding. Improved
varieties, hybrids, composites of various crop plants. Seed technology, its
importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing
techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, processing
and marketing in India.
Physiology
and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition, surface tension, diffusion and
osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration and water
economy. Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis-modern concepts and factors
affecting the process, aerobic and non-aerobic respiration; C, C and CAM
mechanisms. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and
development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Auxins, hormones, and other plant
regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture.
Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.
Climatic
requirements and cultivation of major fruits, plants, vegetable crops and
flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basis. Handling
and marketing problems of fruit and vegetables. Principal methods of
preservation of important fruits and vegetable products, processing techniques
and equipment. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. Raising of
ornamental plants, and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases
and pests of field vegetables, orchard and plantation crops of India. Causes
and classification of plant pests and diseases. Principles of control of plant
pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest
and disease management. Epidemiology and forecasting. Pesticides, their
formulations and modes of action. Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants;
Microbial toxins.
Storage
pests and diseases of cereals and pulses, and their control.
Food
production and consumption trends in India. National and international food
policies. Production, procurement, distribution and processing constraints.
Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of
calorie and protein.
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PAPER-I
SECTION-A
1. Soil
and Water Conservation: Scope of soil and water conservation. Mechanics and
types of erosion, their causes. Rainfall, runoff and sedimentation
relationships and their measurement. Soil erosion control measures – biological
and engineering including stream bank protection-vegetative barriers, contour
bunds, contour trenches, contour stone walls, contour ditches, terraces,
outlets and grassed waterways. Gully control structures – temporary and
permanent – design of permanent soil conservation structures such as chute,
drop and drop inlet spillways. Design of farm ponds and percolation ponds.
Principles of flood control-flood routing. Watershed Management –
investigation, planning and implementation – selection of priority areas and
water shed work plan, water harvesting and moisture conservation. Land
development – levelling, estimation of earth volumes and costing. Wind Erosion
process – design of shelterbelts and wind brakes and their management. Forest
(Conservation) Act.
2.
Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing: Basic characteristics of
photographic images, interpretation keys, equipment for interpretation, imagery
interpretation for land use, geology, soil and forestry.
Remote
sensing – merits and demerits of conventional and remote sensing approaches.
Types of satellite images, fundamentals of satellite image interpretation,
techniques of visual and digital interpretations for soil, water and land use
management. Use of GIS in planning and development of watersheds, forests
including forest cover, water resources etc.
SECTION-B
3. Irrigation
and Drainage: Sources of water for irrigation. Planning and design of minor
irrigation projects. Techniques of measuring soil moisture – laboratory and in
situ, Soil-water plant relationships. Water requirement of crops. Planning
conjunctive use of surface and ground water. Measurement of irrigation water,
measuring devices – orifices, weirs and flumes. Methods of irrigation –
surface, sprinkler and drip, fertigation. Irrigation efficiencies and their
estimation. Design and construction of canals, field channels, underground
pipelines, head-gates, diversion boxes and structures for road crossing.
Occurrence of ground water, hydraulics of wells, types of
wells (tube wells and open wells) and their construction. Well development and
testing. Pumps-types, selection and installation. Rehabilitation of sick and
failed wells.
Drainage causes of waterlogging and salt problems.
Methods of drainage – drainage of irrigated and unirrigated lands, design of
surface, sub-surface and vertical drainage systems. Improvement and utilization
of poor quality water. Reclamation of saline and alkali soils, Economics of
irrigation and drainage systems. Use of waste water for irrigation – standards
of waste water for sustained irrigation, feasibility and economics.
4. Agricultural
Structures: Site selection, design and construction of farmstead – farm
house, cattle shed, dairy barn, poultry shed, hog housing, machinery and
implement shed, storage structures for food grains, feed and forage. Design and
construction of fences and farm roads. Structures for plant environment – green
houses, poly houses and shade houses. Common building materials used in
construction – timber, brick, stone, tiles, concrete etc. and their properties.
Water supply, drainage and sanitation systems.
AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING
PAPER-2
SECTION-A
1. Farm Power and Machinery: Agricultural
mechanization and its scope. Sources of farm power – animate and
electromechanical. Thermodynamics, construction and working of internal
combustion engines. Fuel, ignition, lubrication, cooling and governing system
of IC engines. Different types of tractors and power tillers. Power
transmission, ground drive, power take off (p.t.o) and control systems.
Operation and maintenance of farm machinery for primary and secondary tillage.
Traction theory. Sowing transplanting and interculture implements and tools.
Plant protection equipment – spraying and dusting. Harvesting, threshing and
combining equipment. Machinery for earth moving and land development – methods
and cost estimation. Ergonomics of man-machine system. Machinery for
horticulture and agro-forestry, feeds and forages. Haulage of agricultural and
forest produce.
2. Agro-energy: Energy requirements of agricultural
operations and agro-processing. Selection, installation, safety and
maintenance of electric motors for agricultural applications. Solar (thermal
and photovoltaic), wind and bio-gas energy and their utilization in
agriculture. Gasification of biomass for
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running IC engines and for electric
power generation. Energy efficient cooking stoves and alternate cooking fuels.
Distribution of electricity for agricultural and agro-industrial applications.
SECTION-B
3. Agricultural Process Engineering:
Post harvest technology of crops and its scope. Engineering properties of
agricultural produces and by-products. Unit operations – cleaning grading, size
reduction, densification, concentration, drying/dehydration, evaporation,
filtration, freezing and packaging of agricultural produces and by-products.
Material handling equipment – belt and screw conveyors, bucket elevators, their
capacity and power requirement.
Processing of milk and dairy products
– homogenization, cream separation, pasteurization, sterilization, spray and
roller drying, butter making, ice cream, cheese and shrikhand manufacture.
Waste and by-product utilization – rice husk, rice bran, sugarcane bagasse,
plant residues and coir pith.
4. Instrumentation and computer
applications in Agricultural Engineering: Electronic devices and their
characteristics – rectifiers, amplifiers, oscillators, multi-vibrators. Digital
circuits – sequential and combinational system. Application of microprocessors
in data acquisition and control of agricultural engineering processes –
measurement systems for level, flow, strain, force, torque, power, pressure,
vaccum and temperature. Computer – introduction, input/output devices, central
processing unit, memory devices, operating systems, processors, keyboards and
printers. Algorithms, flowchart specification, programme translation and
problem analysis in Agricultural Engineering. Multimedia and Audio-Visual aids.
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PAPER-I
1.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology:
Viruses, bacteria, and plasmids–structure and reproduction. General
account of infection, Phytoimmunology. Applications of microbiology in
agriculture, industry, medicine and pollution control in air, soil and water.
Important
plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes.
Mode of infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease
resistance/defence. Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungal
toxins.
2.
Cryptogams: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutonary viewpoint.
Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their economic potential.
3. Phanerogams: Gymnosperms: Concept of
Prohymonosperms. Classification and distribution of Gymnosperms. Salient
features of Cycadales, Conferrals and Gnetales, their structures and reproduction.
General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordiatales.
Angiosperms:
Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny.
Comparative account of various systems of Angiosperms
Classification. Study of angiospermic families – Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Brassicaceae (Cruci-ferae), Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae,
Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae,
Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae (Composite), Poaceae
(Gramineae), Arecaceae (Palmae), Liliaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae.
Stomata and their types. Anomalous secondary growth,
Anatomy of C 3 and C 4 plants.
Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination,
fertilization. Endospermits development and function. Patterns of embryo
development. Polymbryony, apoxmix, Applications of palynology.
4. Plant Utility and Exploitation: Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov’s
centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices,
beverages, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes.
Latex, cellulose Starch and their products. Perfumery. Importance of
Ethnobotany in Indian context. Energy plantation. Botanical Gardens and
Herbaria.
5. Morphogenesis: Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and
differentiation. Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic
hybrids and Cybrids.
BOTANY
PAPER – 2
1. Cell Biology: Techniques of Cell Biology.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells–structural and ultra-structural details.
Structure and function of extracellular matrix or ECM (cell wall) and membranes
– cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport. Structure and
function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes,
endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, hydrogenosome). Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear
pore complex. Chromatin and nucleosome. Cell signalling and cell receptors.
Signal transduction (G-1 proteins, etc.). Mitosis and meisdosis; molecular
basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and
their significance. Study of polytene, lampbrush and B-chromosomes-structure,
behaviour and significance.
2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and
Evolution:
Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts
(Pseudoalleles). Quantitative genetics and multiple factors. Linkage and
crossing over-methods of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping
function). Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance, sex determination and
molecular basis of sex differentiation. Mutation (biochemical and molecular
basis). Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of
male sterility). Prions and prion hypothesis.
Structure
and synthesis of nucleic acids and protines. Genetic code and regulation of
gene expression. Multigene families.
Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories. Role
of RNA in origin and evolution.
3. Plant
Breeding, Biotechnology and Bio-statistics: Methods of plant breeding –
introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection,
bulk method) . Male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixis in plant
breeding. Micropropagation and genetic engineering-methods of transfer of genes
and transgenic crops; development and use of molecular markers in plant
breeding.
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Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV).
Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and
distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson distributions). Correlation and
regression.
4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Water relations, Mineral nutrition
and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis-photochemical
reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon pathways including C pathway
(photorespiration), C, C and CAM pathways. Respiraion (anaerobic and aerobic,
including fermentation) - electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation. Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis. Nitrogen fixation and
nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes, energy transfer and energy
conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors
(plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Photoperiodism and flowering,
vernalization, senescence. Growth substances-their chemical nature, role and
applications in agri-horticulture, growth indices, growth movements. Stress
physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal). Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy,
storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening – its molecular basis and
manipulation.
5. Ecology and Plant Geography: Ecological factors. Concepts and
dynamics of community. Plant succession. Concepts of biosphere.
Ecosystems and their conservation. Pollution and its control (including
phytoremediaion).
Forest types of India – afforestation, deforestation and
social forestry. Endangered plants, endemism and Red Data Books. Biodiversity.
Convention of Biological Diversity, Sovereign Rights and Intellectual Property
Rights. Biogeochemical cells. Global warming.
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PAPER-I
1. Atomic structure: Quantum theory, Heisenberg’s
uncertainity principle, Schrodinger wave equation (time independent).
Interpretation of wave function, particle in one-dimensional box, quantum
numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions. Shapes of s, p and d orbitabls.
2. Chemical bonding: Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic
compounds, factors affecting stability of ionic compounds, lattice
energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics,
polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments. Valence bond theory,
concept of reasonance and resonance energy. Molecular orbital theory (LCAO
method); bonding in homonuclear molecules: H2+, H2 to Ne2, NO, CO, HF, CN, CN-,BeH2 and CO2. Comparison of valence bond and
molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond length.
3. Solid State: Forms of solids, law of constancy of
interfacial angles, crystal systems and crystal classes (crystallographic
groups). Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell. Laws
of rational indices. Bragg’s law. X-ray diffraction by crystals. Close packing,
radious ratio rules, calculation of some limiting radius ration values.
Structures of NaCL, ZnS, CsCL, CaF2, Cdl2 and rutile. Imperfections in
crystals, stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects, impurity defects,
semi-conductors. Elementary study of liquid crystals.
4. The gaseous state: Equation of state for real gases,
intermolecular interactions, liquefication of gases and critical
phenomena, Maxwell’s distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions,
collisions on the wall and effusion.
5. Thermodynamics and statistical
thermodynamics:
Thermodynamic systems, states and processes, work, heat and internal
energy; first law of thermodynamics, work done on the systems and heat absorbed
in different types of processes; calorimetry, energy and enthalpy changes in
various processes and their temperature dependence.
Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state
function, entropy changes in various process, entropy-reversibility and
irreversibility, Free energy functions; criteria for equilibrium, relation
between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem
and third law of thermodynamics.
Micro and macro states; canonical ensemble and canonical
partition function; electronic, rotational and vibrational partition functions
and thermodynamic quantities; chemical equilibrium in ideal gas reactions.
6. Phase equilibria and solutions: Phase equilibria in pure substances;
Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase
equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids upper and lower
critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities, their significance
and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination.
7.
Electrochemistry: Debye-Huckel theory of strong
electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and
transport properties.
Galvanic
cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of
cells and its applications fuel cells and batteries.
Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface;
rate of charge transfer, current density; over potential; electroanalytical
techniques-voltameter, polarography, ampero-metry, cyclic-voltametry, ion
selective electrodes and their use.
8. Chemical kinetics: Concentration dependence of rate of
reaction; deferential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first,
second and fractional order reactions. Rate equations involving reverse,
parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; effect of temperature and pressure
on rate constant. Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods.
Collisions and reaction state theories.
9.
Photochemistry: Absorption of light, decay of
excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between
hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.
10. Surface phenomena and catalysis: Adsorption from gases and solution
on solid adsorbents, adsorption isotherms, - Langmuir and B.E.T.
isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of
reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.
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11. Bio-inorganic chemistry: Metal ions in biological systems and
their role in ion-transport across the membranes (molecular mechanism),
ionophores, photosynthesis-PSI, PSII, nitrogen fixation, oxygen-uptake
proteins, cytochromes and ferredoxins.
12. Coordination chemistry:
a) Electronic configurations;
introduction of theories of bonding in transition metal complexes. Valence bond
theory, crystal field theory and its modifications; applications of theories in
the explanation of magnetism and electronic spactra of metal complexes.
b) Isomerism in coordination compounds.
IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with
4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans
effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planer
complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.
c) Synthesis and structures of metal
carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds.
d) Complexes with aromatic systems,
synthesis, structure and bonding in metal olefin complexes, alkyne complexes
and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative unsaturation, oxidative addition
reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and their characterization.
Compounds with metal-metal bonds and metal atom clusters.
13. General chemistry of ‘f’ block
elements: Lanthanides
and actinides; separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral
properties; lanthanide contraction.
14. Non-Aqueous Solvents: Reactions in liquid NH3, HF, SO2 and H2SO4, Failure of solvent system concept,
coordination model of non-aqueous solvents. Some highly acidic media,
fluorosulphuric acid and super acids.
CHEMISTRY
PAPER-2
1. Delocalised
covalent bonding: Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones,
kekulene, fulvenes, sydlones.
2(a). Reaction mechanisms: General methods (both
kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanism or organic reactions illustrated
by examples-use of isotopes, cross-over experiment, intermediate trapping,
stereochemistry; energy diagrams of simple organic reactions-transition states
and intermediates; energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic
control of reactions.
(b)
Reactive
intermediates: Generation,
geometry, stability and reactions of carbonium and carbonium ions,
carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and niternes.
(c)
Substitution
reactions: SN1, SN2,
SNi, SN1’, SN2’, SNi’ and SRN1 mechanisms; neighbouring group
participation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compound including
simple heterocyclic compounds-pyrrole, furan thiophene, indole.
(d)
Elimination
reactions: E1, E2 and
E1cb mechanism; orientation in E2 reactions-Saytzeff and Hoffmann;
pyrolytic syn elimination-acetate pyrolysis, Chugaev and Cope
eliminations.
(e)
Addition
reactions: Electrophilic
addition to C□oC
and C=C; nucleophilic addition to C=O, C-N, conjugated olefins and
carbonyls.
(f)
Rearrangements:
Pinacol-pinacolune,
Hoffmann, Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope,
Stevens and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.
3.
Pericyclic
reactions: Classification
and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann rules-electro cyclic reactions,
cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic shifts [1,3; 3,3 and 1,
5] FMO approach.
4.
Chemistry
and mechanism of reactions: Aldol
condensation (including directed aldol condensation), Claisen
condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen,
Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin and
acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis,
Bischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.
5.
Polymeric
Systems
(a)
Physical
chemistry of polymers: Polymer
solutions and their thermodynamic properties; number and weight average
molecular weights of polymers. Determination of molecular weights by
sedimentation, light scattering, osmotic pressure, viscosity, and group
analysis methods.
(b)
Preparation
and properties of polymers: Organic
polymers—polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride. Teflon, nylon,
terylene, synthetic and natural rubber Inorganic polymers—phosphonitrilic
halides, borazines, silicones and silicates.
(c)
Biopolymers:
Basic bonding in
proteins, DNA and RNA.
9
6.
Synthetic
uses of reagents: OsO4, HIO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc) 4, SeO2, NBS, B2H6, Na-Liquid NH3, LiA1H4, NaBH4, n-BuLi, MCPBA.
7.
Photochemist:
Photochemical
reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states,
singlet and triplet states, Norrish- Type I and Type II reactions.
8.
Principles
of spectroscopy and applications in structure elucidation
(a)
Rotational
spectra-diatomic
molecules; isotopic substitution and rotational constants.
(b)
Vibrational
spectra- diatomic
molecules, linear triatomic molecules, specific frequencies of functional
groups in polyatomic molecules.
(c)
Electronic
spectra: Singlet and
triplet states. N->Î * and Î ->Î * transitions; application to conjugated
double bonds and conjugated carbonyls-Woodward-Fieser rules.
(d)
Nuclear
magnetic resonance: Isochronous
and anisochronous protons; chemical shift and coupling constants;
Application of H1NMR
to simple organic molecules.
(e)
Mass
spectra: Parent peak,
base peak, daughter peak, metastable peak, fragmentation of simple
organic molecules; a cleavage, Mc-Latterly rearrangement.
(f)
Electron
spin resonance: Inorganic complexes and free radicals.
10
PAPER-I
SECTION-A
(a)
Fluid
and Particle Dynamics
Viscosity of fluids. Laminar and turbulent flows.
Equation of continuity and Navier-Stokes equition-Bernoulli’s theorem. Flow
meters. Fluid drag and pressure drop due to friction, Reynold’s Number and
friction factor – effect of pipe roughness. Economic pipe diameter. Pumps,
water, air/stream jet ejectors, compressors, blowers and fans. Agitation and
mixing of liquids. Mixing of solids and pastes. Crushing and Grinding –
principles and equipment. Rittinger’s and Bond’s laws. Filtration and
filtration equipment. Fluid-particle mechanics – free and hindered setting.
Fluidisation and minimum fluidization velocity, concepts of compressible and
incompressible flow. Transport of Solids.
(b)
Mass
Transfer
Molecular diffusion coefficients, First and second law and
diffusion, mass transfer coefficients, film and penetration theories of mass
transfer. Distillation, simple distillation, relative volatility, fractional
distillation, plate and packed columns for distillation. Calculation of
theoretical number of plates. Liquid-liquid equilibria. Extraction – theory and
practice; Design of gas-absorption columns. Drying. Humidification,
dehumidification. Crystallization. Design of equipment.
(c)
Heat
Transfer
Conduction,
thermal conductivity, extended surface heat transfer.
Convection – free and forced. Heat transfer coefficients
– Nusselt Number. LMTD and effectiveness. NTU methods for the design of Double
Pipe and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers. Analogy between heat and momentum
transfer. Boiling and condensation heat transfer. Single and multiple-effect
evaporators. Radiation – Stefan-Boltzman Law, emissivity and absorptivity.
Calculation of heat load of a furnace. Solar heaters.
SECTION – B
(d)
Novel
Separation Processes
Equilibrium
separation processesion – exchange, osmosis, electro-dialysis, reverse osmosis,
ultra-filtration and other membrane processes. Molecular distillation. Super
critical fluid extraction.
(e)
Process
Equipment Design
Factors affecting vessel design criteria – Cost
considerations. Design of storage vessels-vertical, horizontal spherical,
underground tanks for atmospheric and higher pressure. Design of closures flat
and elliptical head. Design of supports. Materials of construction-characteristics
and selection.
(f)
Process
Dynamics and Control
Measuring instruments for process variables like level,
pressure, flow, temperature pH and concentration with indication in
visual/pneumatic/analog/digital signal forms. Control variable, manipulative
variable and load variables. Linear control theory-Laplace, transforms. PID
controllers. Block diagram representation. Transient and frequency response,
stability of closed loop system. Advanced control strategies. Computer based
process control.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PAPER – 2
SECTION-A
(a)
Material
and Energy Balances
Material and energy balance calculations in processes
with recycle/bypass/purge. Combustion of solid/liquid/gaseous fuels, stoichiometric
relationships and excess air requirements. Adiabatic flame temperature.
(b)
Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics. PVT relationships for pure
components and mixtures. Energy functions and inter-relationships Maxwell’s
relations. Fugacity, activity and chemical potential. Vapour-liquid equilibria,
for ideal/non-ideal, single and multi component systems. Criteria for chemical
reaction equilibrium, equilibrium constant and equilibrium conversions.
Thermodynamic cycles – refrigeration and power.
11
(c)
Chemical
Reaction Engineering
Batch reactors – kinetics of homogeneous reactions and
interpretation of kinetic data. Ideal flow reactors – CSTR, plug flow reactors
and their performance equations. Temperature effects and run-away reactions.
Heterogeneous reactions – catalytic and non-catalytic and gas-solid and
gas-liquid reactions. Intrinsic kinetics and global rate concept. Importance of
interphase and intraparticle mass transfer on performance. Effectiveness
factor. Isothermal and non-isothermal reactors and reactor stability.
SECTION-B
(d)
Chemical
Technology
Natural organic products – Wood and wood based chemicals,
pulp and paper, Agro industries – sugar, Edible oils extraction (including tree
based seeds), Soaps and detergents. Essential oils – Biomass gasification
(including biogas). Coal and coal chemical. Petroleium and Natural gas – Petroleum
refining (Atmospheric distillation/cracking/reforming) – Petrochemical
industries – Polyethylenes (LDPE/HDPE/LLDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride, Polystyrene.
Ammonia manufacture. Cement and lime industries. Paints and varnishes. Glass
and ceremics. Fermentation – alcohol and antibiotics.
(e)
Environmental
Engineering and Safety
Ecology and Environment. Sources of pollutants in air and
water. Green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain. Micrometeorology
and dispersion of pollutants in environment. Measurement techniques of
pollutant levels and their control strategies. Solid wastes, their hazards and
their disposal techniques. Design and performance analysis of pollution control
equipment. Fire and explosion hazards rating – HAZOP and HAZAN. Emergency
planning, disaster management. Environmental legislations – water, air
environment protection Acts. Forest (Conservation) Act.
(f)
Process
Engineering Economics
Fixed and working capital requirement for a process
industry and estimation methods. Cost estimation and comparison of
alternatives. Net present value by discounted cash flow. Pay back analysis.
IRR, Depreciation, taxes and insurance. Breakeven point analysis. Project
scheduling – PERT and CPM. Profit and loss account, balance sheet and financial
statement. Plant location and plant layout including piping.
12
PAPER – I
PART-A
ENGINEERING MECHANICS, STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS :
Units and Dimensions, SI Units,
Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body. Concurrent, Non
Concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignon’s
theorem, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual
work, equivalent force system.
First and Second Moment of area, Mass
moment of Inertia.
Static Friction, Inclined Plane and
bearings.
Kinematics and Kinetics: Kinematics in Cartesian and Polar
Co-ordinates, motion under uniform and nouniform acceleration, motion
under gravity. Kinetics of particle: Momentum and Energy principles, D’
Alembert’s Principle, Collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies,
simple harmonic motion, Flywheel.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic
constants, axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending
moment, theory of simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross
sections, Beams of uniform strength, Leaf spring. Strain Energy in direct
stress, bending & shear.
Deflection
of beams: Mecaulay’s method, Mohr’s Moment area method, conjugate beam method,
unit load method. Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of power, close coiled
helical springs, Elastic stability of columns, Euler’s Rankine’s and Secant
formulae. Principal Stresses and Strains in two dimensions, Mohr’s Circle,
Theories of Elastic Failure, Thin and Thick cylinder: Stresses due to internal
and external pressure-Lame’s equations.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: Castiglianio’s theorems I and II, unit
load method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed
trusses. Slope-deflection, moment distribution, Kani’s method of analysis and
column Analogy method applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames.
Rolling
loads and Influences lines: Influences lines for Shear Force and Bending moment
at a section of beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending moment in
beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences lines for simply
supported plane pin jointed trusses.
Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and
fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects, influence lines in
arches.
Matrix methods of analysis: Force
method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid
frames.
Plastic Analysis of beams and frames:
Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method.
Unsymmetrical bending: Moment of
inertia, product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle axes,
calculation of bending stresses.
PART – B
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES: STEEL, CONCRETE
AND MASONRY STRUCTURES.
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN:
Structural Steel: Factors of safety
and load factors. Rivetted, bolted and welded joints and connections. Design of
tension and compression member, beams of built up section, riveted and welded
plate girders, gantry girders, stanchions with battens and lacings, slab and
gussetted column bases.
Design of highway and railway bridges:
Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder, Pratt truss.
DESIGN OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY
STRUCTURES:
Concept of
mix design. Reinforced Concrete: Working Stress and Limit State method of
design-Recommendations of I.S. codes Design of one way and two way slabs,
stair-case slabs, simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections.
Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, isolated
and combined footings.
Cantilever
and Counterfort type retaining walls.
Water tanks: Design requirements for
Rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground.
Prestressed concrete: Methods and
systems of prestressing, anchorages, Analysis and design of sections for
flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress.
Design
of brick masonry as per I.S. Codes Design of masonry retaining walls.
13
FLUID MECHANICS, OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND
HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties and their role in
fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curve
surfaces.
Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow:
Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational
and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions, flownet, methods
of drawing flownet, sources and sinks, flow separation, free and forced
vortices.
Control
volume equation, continuity, momentum, energy and moment of momentum equations
from control volume equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Euler’s equation of
motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, plane, curved,
stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and Venturi
meters.
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: Buckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless
parameters, similitude theory, model laws, undistorted and distorted
models.
Laminar Flow: Laminar flow between parallel,
stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.
Boundary layer: Laminar and turbulent boundary layer
on a flat plate, laminar sublayer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and
lift.
Turbulent flow through pipes:
Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of pipe
friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansion
and contractions in pipes, pipe networks, water hammer in pipes and surge
tanks.
Open channel flow: Uniform and non-uniform flows,
momentum and energy correction factors, specific energy and specific
force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness
coefficient, rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop,
hydraulic jump and its applications surges and waves, gradually varied flow,
classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration
of varied flow equation, moving surges and hydraulic bore.
HYDRAULIC MACHINES AND HYDROPOWER: Centrifugal pumps-Types,
characteristics, Net Positive Suction Height (NPSH), specific speed.
Pumps in parallel.
Reciprocating
pumps, Air vessels, Hydraulic ram, efficiency parameters, Rotary and positive
displacement pumps, diaphragm and jet pumps.
Hydraulic
turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance parameters,
controls, characteristics, specific speed.
Principles
of hydropower development. Type, layouts and Component works. Surge tanks,
types and choice. Flow duration curves and dependable flow. Storage an pondage.
Pumped storage plants. Special features of mini, micro-hydel plants.
PART – D
GEO TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Types of
soil, phase relationships, consistency limits particles size distribution,
classifications of soil, structure and clay mineralogy.
Capillary
water and structural water, effectives trees and pore water pressure, Darcy’s
Law, factors affecting permeability, determination of permeability,
permeability of stratified soil deposits.
Seepage
pressure, quick sand condition, compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi’s
theory of one dimensional consolidation, consolidation test.
Compaction
of soil, field control of compaction. Total stress and effective stress
parameters, pore pressure coefficients.
Shear
strength of soils, Mohr Coulomb failure theory, Shear tests.
Earth
pressure at rest, active and passive pressures, Rankine’s theory, Coulomb’s wedge
theory, earth pressure on retaining wall, sheetpile walls, Braced excavation.
Bearing capacity, Terzaghi and other
important theories, net and gross bearing pressure. Immediate and consolidation
settlement.
Stability
of slope, Total Stress and Effective Stress methods, Conventional methods of
slices, stability number.
Subsurface exploration, methods of
boring, sampling, penetration tests, pressure meter tests. Essential features
of foundation, types of foundation, design criteria, choice of type of foundation,
stress distribution in soils,
Boussinessq’s theory, Newmarks’s chart, pressure bulb, contact pressure,
applicability of different bearing capacity theories, evaluation of bearing
capacity from field tests, allowable bearing capacity, Settlement analysis,
allowable settlement.
Proportioning
of footing, isolated and combined footings, rafts, buoyancy rafts, Pile
foundation, types of piles, pile capacity, static and dynamic analysis, design
of pile groups, pile load test, settlement of piles, lateral capacity.
Foundation for Bridges. Ground improvement techniques-preloading, sand drains,
stone column, grouting, soil stabilization.
14
PAPER – 2
PART-A
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT, PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT
1.
Construction
Technology:
Engineering
Materials: Physical properties of construction materials: Stones, Bricks and
Tiles; Lime, Cement and Surkhi Mortars; Lime Concrete and Cement Concrete,
Properties of freshly mixed and hardened concrete, Flooring Tiles, use of
ferro-cement, fibre-reinforced and polymer concrete, high strength concrete and
light weight concrete. Timber: Properties and uses; defects in timber;
seasoning and preservation of timber. Plastics, rubber and damp-proofing
materials, termite proofing, Materials, for Low cost housing.
CONSTRUCTION:
Building components
and their functions; Brick masonry: Bonds, jointing. Stone masonry.
Design of Brick masonry walls as per I.S. codes, factors of safety,
serviceability and strength requirements; plastering, pointing. Types of Floors
& Roofs. Ventilators, Repairs in buildings
Functional
planning of building: Building orientation, circulation, grouping of areas,
privacy concept and design of energy efficient building; provisions of National
Building Code.
Building estimates and specifications; Cost of works;
valuation.
2.
Construction Equipment: Standard
and special types of equipment, Preventive maintenance and repair,
factors affecting the selection of equipment, economical life, time and motion
study, capital and maintenance cost.
Concreting equipments: Weigh batcher, mixer, vibration, batching plant, Concrete
pump.
Earth
-work equipment: Power
shovel hoe, bulldozer, dumper, trailors, and tractors, rollers, sheep foot roller.
3.
Construction Planning and Management: Construction
activity, schedules, job layout, bar charts, organization of contracting
firms, project control and supervision. Cost reduction measures.
Newwork
analysis: CPM and
PERT analysis, Float Times, cashing of activities, contraction of network for
cost optimization, updating, Cost analysis and resource allocation.
Elements of Engineering Economics, methods of appraisal,
present worth, annual cost, benefit-cost, incremental analysis. Economy of
scale and size. Choosing between alternatives including levels of investments.
Project profitability.
PART – B
SURVEY AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Survey:
Common methods of
distance and angle measurements, plane table survey, leveling traverse survey,
triangulation survey, corrections, and adjustments, contouring, topographical
map. Surveying instruments for above purposes. Tachometry. Circular and
transition curves. Principles of photogrammetry.
Railways:
Permanent way,
sleepers, rail fastenings, ballast, points and crossings, design of turn outs,
stations and yards, turntables, signals, and interlocking, level-crossing.
Construction and maintenance of permanent ways: Superelevlation, creep of rail,
ruling gradient, track resistance, tractive effort, relaying of track.
Highway
Engineering: Principles
of highway planning, Highway alignments. Geometrical design: Cross section,
camber, superelevation, horizontal and vertical curves. Classification of
roads: low cost roads, flexible pavements, rigid pavements. Design of pavements
and their construction, evaluation of pavement failure and strengthening.
Drainage
of roads: Surface and sub-surface drainage.
Traffic
Engineering: Forecasting techniques, origin and destination survey, highway
capacity. Channelised and unchannelised intersections, rotary design elements,
markings, sign, signals, street lighting; Traffic surveys. Principle of highway
financing.
15
PART – C
HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND
ENGINEERING:
Hydrology: Hydrological cycle, precipitation,
evaporation, transpiration, depression storage, infiltration, overland
flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis, flood estimation, flood routing
through a reservoir, channel flow routing-Muskingam method.
Ground water flow: Specific yield, storage coefficient,
coefficient of permeability, confined and unconfined equifers, aquifers,
aquitards, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions,
tube wells, pumping and recuperation tests, ground water potential.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING: Ground and surface water resource,
single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs,
reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation, economics of water resources
projects.
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING: Water requirements of crops:
consumptive use, quality of water for irrigation, duty and delta,
irrigation methods and their efficiencies.
Canals: Distribution systems for canal
irrigation, canal capacity, canal losses, alignment of main and distributory
canals, most efficient section, lined canals, their design, regime theory,
critical shear stress, bed load, local and suspended load transport, cost
analysis of lined and unlied canals, drainage behind lining.
Water logging: causes and control,
drainage system design, salinity.
Canal structures: Design of cross
regulators, head regulators, canal falls, aqueducts, metering flumes and canal
outlets.
Diversion headwork: Principles and
design of weirs of permeable and impermeable foundation, Khosla’s theory,
energy dissipation, stilling basin, sediment excluders.
Storage works: Types of dams, design,
principles of rigid gravity and earth dams, stability analysis, foundation
treatment, joints and galleries, control of seepage.
Spillways: Spillway types, crest
gates, energy dissipation.
River training: Objectives of river
training, methods of river training.
PART – D
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Water Supply: Estimation of surface and subsurface
water resources, predicting demand for water, impurities of water and
their significance, physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis, waterborne
diseases, standards for potable water.
Intake of water: Pumping and gravity schemes. Water
treatment: Principles of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation;
slow-; rapid-, pressure-, filters; chlorination, softening, removal of taste,
odour and salinity.
Water storage and distribution: Storage and balancing reservoirs:
types, location and capacity. Distribution system : layout, hydraulics of
pipe lines, pipe fittings, valves including check and pressure reducing valves,
meters, analysis of distribution systems, leak detection, maintenance of
distribution systems, pumping stations and their operations.
Sewerage systems: Domestic and industrial wastes, storm
sewage-separate and combined systems, flow through sewers, design of
sewers, sewer appurtenances, manholes, inlets, junctions, siphon. Plumbing in
public buildings.
Sewage characterization: BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen,
nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in normal watercourse and on
land.
Sewage treatment: Working principles, units, chambers, sedimentation tanks,
trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic
tank, disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water.
Solid waste: Collection and disposal in rural and urban
contexts, management of long-term ill-effects.
Environmental pollution: Sustainable development. Radioactive
wastes and disposal. Environmental impact assessment for thermal power
plants, mines, river valley projects. Air pollution - pollution control acts.
16
PAPER-I
SECTION-A
1.
Silviculture
– General: General
Silvicultural principles: ecological and physiological factors influencing
vegetation, natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of
propagation, grafting techniques; site factors; nursery and planting
techniques-nursery beds, polybags and maintenance, water budgeting, grading and
hardening of seedlings; special approaches; establishment and tending.
2.
Silviculture
– Systems: Clear
felling, uniform shelter wood selection, coppice and conversion systems.
Management of silviculture systems of temperate, subtropical, humid tropical,
dry tropical and coastal tropical forests with special reference to plantation
silviculture, choice of species, establishment and management of standards,
enrichment methods, technical constraints, intensive mechanized methods, aerial
seeding thinning.
3.
Silviculture
– Mangrove and Cold desert:
Mangrove: habitat and characteristics, mangrove,
plantation-establishment and rehabilitation of degraded mangrove
formations; silvicultural systems for mangrove; protection of habitats against
natural disasters.
Cold desert - Characteristics,
identification and management of species.
4.
Silviculture of trees: Traditional
and recent advances in tropical Silviculture research and practices.
Silviculture of some of the economically important species in India such as
Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia lebbeck,
Albizzia procera, Anthocephalus Cadamba, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta
indica, Bamboo spp, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia,
Cedrus deodara, Chukrasia tabularis, Dalbergia sisoo, Dipterocarpus spp.,
Emblica officindils, Eucalyptus spp, Gmelina Arborea, Hardwickia binata,
Largerstroemia Lanceolata, Pinus roxburghi, Populus spp, Pterocarpus marsupium,
Prosopis juliflora, Santalum album, Semecarpus anacardium, Shorea robusta,
Salmalia malabaricum, Tectona grandis, Terminalis tomemtosa, Tamarindus indica.
SECTION – B
1.
Agroforestry,
Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management and Tribology:
Agroforestry
– Scope and
necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated
land use, planning especially related to (i) soil and water conservation;
(ii) water recharge; (iii) nutrient availability to crops; (iv) nature and
eco-system preservation including ecological balances through pest-predator
relationships and (v) providing opportunities for enhancing biodiversity,
medicinal and other flora and fauna. Agro forestry systems under different
agro-ecological zones; selection of species and role of multipurpose trees and
NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and fuel security. Research and Extension
needs.
Social/Urban Forestry: Objectives, scope and necessity;
peoples participation. JFM – Principles, objectives, methodology, scope,
benefits and role of NGOs.
Tribology – Tribal scence in India; tribes,
concept of races, principles of social grouping, stages of tribal economy,
education, cultural tradition, customs, ethos and participation in forestry
programmes.
2.
Forest
Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management:
Forest Soils, classification,
factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and biological properties.
Soil
Conservation – definition,
causes for erosion; types – wind and water erosion; conservation and management
of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of
saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands. Role of forests
in conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of soil organic matter, provision
of loppings for green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composting; Role of
microorganisms in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles, VAM.
Watershed
Management – Concepts
of watershed; role of mini-forests and forest trees in overall resource
management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent
control, river channel stabilization, avalanche and landslide controls,
rehabilitation of degraded areas; hilly and mountain areas; watershed
management and environmental functions of forests; water-harvesting and
conservation; ground water recharge and watershed management; role of
integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders.
3.
Environmental
Conservation and Biodiversity:
Environment:
Components and
importance, principles of conservation, impact of deforestation; forest fires
and various human activities like mining, construction and developmental
projects, population growth on environment.
17
Pollution – types,
global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, impact
and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable
development. Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation; control
and prevention of air, water and noise pollution. Environmental policy and
legislation in India. Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics assessment of
watershed development vis-Ã -vis ecological and environmental protection.
4.
Tree
Improvement and Seed Technology:
General concept of tree improvement, methods and
techniques, variation and its use, provenance, seed source, exotics;
quantitative aspects of forest tree improvement, seed production and seed
orchards, progeny tests, use of tree improvement in natural forest and stand
improvement, genetic testing programming, selection and breeding for resistance
to diseases, insects, and adverse environment; the genetic base, forest genetic
resources and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost benefit ratio,
economic evaluation.
FORESTRY
PAPER – 2
SECTION – A
1.
Forest
Management and Management Systems:
Objective and principles; techniques; stand structure and
dynamics, sustained yield relation; rotation, normal forest, growing stock;
regulation of yield; management of forest plantations, commercial forests,
forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., (i) site-specific planning, (ii)
strategic planning, (iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure, (iv) Monitoring
(v) Reporting and governance. Details of steps involved such as formation of
Village Forest Committees, Joint Forest Participatory Management.
2.
Forest
Working Plan:
Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and
approaches for integrated planning; multipurpose development of forest
resources and forest industries development; working plans and working schemes,
their role in nature conservation, bio-diversity and other dimensions;
preparation and control. Divisional Working Plans, Annual Plan of Operations.
3.
Forest
Mensuration and Remote Sensing:
Methods of measuring – diameter, girth, height and volume
of trees; form-factor; volume estimation of stand, current annual increment;
mean annual increment. Sampling methods and sample plots. Yield calculation;
yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote sensing;
Geographic Information Systems for management and modeling.
4.
Surveying
and Forest Engineering:
Forest surveying – different methods of surveying, maps
and map reading. Basic principles of forest engineering. Building materials and
construction. Roads and Bridges; General principles, objects, types, simple
design and construction of timber bridges.
SECTION – B
1.
Forest
Ecology and Ethnobotany:
Forest
ecology – Biotic and
abolitic components, forest eco-systems; forest community concepts; vegetation
concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient
cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water
logging salinity and alkalinity). Forest types in India, identification of
species, composition and associations; dendrology, taxonomic classification,
principles and establishment of herbaria and arboreta. Conservation of forest
ecosystems. Clonal parks.
Role of Ethnobotany In Indian Systems of Medicine;
Ayurveda and Unani – Introduction, nomenclature, habitat, distribution and
botanical features of medicinal and aromatic plants. Factors affecting action
and toxicity of drug plants and their chemical constituents.
2.
Forest Resources and Utilization: Environmentally
sound forest harvesting practices; logging and extraction techniques and
principles, transportation systems, storage and sale; Non -Timber Forest
Products (NTFPs) definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil
seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos, medicinal plants, charcoal, lac and
shellac, Katha and Bidi leaves, collection; processing and disposal.
Need and importance of wood seasoning and preservation;
general principles of seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar
dehumidification, steam heated and electrical kilns. Composite wood; adhesives-
manufacture-properties, uses, ply wood manufacture – properties - fibre
boards-manufacture properties, uses; particle boards manufacture; properties
uses. Present status of composite wood
18
industry in
India and future expansion plans. Pulp-paper and rayon; present position of
supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of
plantation wood; problems and possibilities.
Anatomical
structure of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood, timber identification –
general principles.
3.
Forest
Protection & Wildlife Biology: Injuries
to forest – abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies, insect-pests and
disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back.
Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention,
protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological control.
General forest protection against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use
of fire, economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after
natural disasters. Role of afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption
of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing, different methods of control against
grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on forest regeneration,
human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting
cultivation and control.
4.
Forest
Economics and Legislation:
Forest
economics - fundamental
principles, cost-benefit analysis; estimation of demand and supply; analysis
of trends in the national and international market and changes in production
and consumption patterns; assessment and projection of market structures; role
of private sector and co-operatives; role of corporate financing.
Socio-economic analyses of forest productivity and attitudes; valuation of
forest goods and service.
Legislation-History of forest development; Indian Forest
Policy of 1894, 1952 and 1990. National Forest Policy, 1988 of People’s
involvement, Joint Forest Management, involvement of women; Forestry Policies
and issues related to land use, timber and non-timber products, sustainable
forest management; industrialization policies. Institutional and structural
changes. Decentralisation and forestry Public Administration. Forest laws,
necessity, general principles. Indian Forest Act 1927; Forest conservation Act
1980; wild life protection Act, 1972 and their amendments; Application of Indian
Penal Code to Forestry. Scope and objectives of Forest Inventory.
19
PAPER – I
SECTION-A
(i)
General
Geology
The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the
earth. Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, volcanic
belts. Earthquakes- causes, effects, earthquake belts, seismicity of India,
intensity and magnitude, seismongraphs. Island arcs, deep sea trenches and
midocean ridges. Continental drift-evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading,
plate tectonics. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.
(ii)
Geomorphology
and Remote Sensing
Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass
wasting. Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their
interpretation. Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology.
Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering.,
hydrology and environmental studies. Geomrphology of Indian subcontinent.
Aerial photographs and their interpretation merits and
limitations. The Electronmagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor
systems. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites. Satellites data products.
Applications of remote sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System
and its applications. Global Positioning System.
(iii)
Structural
geology
Principles of geologic mapping and map reading,
projection diagrams, stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain
relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Strain markers in
deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions.
Folds and faults classification and mechanics. Structural analysis of folds,
foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities. Superposed
deformation. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation.
Introduction to petrofabrics.
SECTION-B
(iv)
Paleontology
Species- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and
Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of
microfossils. Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum
exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological
history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda,
Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Stratigraphic utility of Ammonoidea, Trilobita and
Graptoloidea. Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik
fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.
(v)
Stratigraphy
and Geology of India
Classification of stratigraphic sequences:
lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and
magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships. Distribution and
classification of Precambrian rocks of India. Study of stratigraphic
distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to
fauna, flora and economic importance. Major boundary problems- Cambrian/Precambrian,
Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene. Study of
climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian
subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India. Evolution of
the Himalayas.
(vi)
Hydrogeology
and Engineering Geology
Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water.
Movement of subsurface water. Springs. Porosity, permeability, hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of
aquifers. Water-bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater chemistry. Salt
water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry. Exploration for
groundwater. Groundwater recharge. Problems and management of groundwater.
Rainwater harvesting. Engineering properties of rocks. Geological
investigations for dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material.
Alkali-aggregate reaction. Landslides-causes, prevention and rehabilitation.
Earthquake-resistant structures.
20
PAPER – 2
SECTION-A
(i)
Mineralogy
Classification of crystals into systems and classes of
symmetry. International system of crystallographic notation. Use of projection
diagrams to represent crystal symmetry. Crystal defects. Elements of X-ray
crystallography.
Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical
properties of common rock forming minerals. Pleochroism, extinction angle,
double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals.
Physical and chemical characters of rock forming
slilicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common
minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the caronate, phosphate,
sulphide and halide groups.
(ii)
Igneous
and Metamorphic Petrology
Generation and crystallization of magma. Crystallization
of albite-anorthite, diopsideanorthite and diopside-wollastonite-silica
systems. Reaction principle., Magmatic differentation and assimilation.
Petrogenetic significance of the textures and structures of igneous rocks.
Petrography and petrogenesis of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic
groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites. Deccan
volcanic province.
Types and agents of metamorphism. Metamporphic grades and
zones. Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism. ACF and AKF diagrams.
Textures and structures of metamporphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous,
argillaceous and basic rocks. Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism.
Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites, Granulite terrains of India.
(iii)
Sedimentology
Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation. diagenesis and
lithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their
classification, petrography and depositional environment. Sedimentary facies
and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals
and their significance. Sedimentary basins of India.
SECTION-B
(iv)
Economic
Geology
Ore, ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore,
classification of ore deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits.
Controls of ore localization. Ore textures and structures. Metallogenic epochs
and provinces. Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium, chromium,
copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium and
industrial minerals. Deposits of coal and petroleum in India. National Mineral
Policy. Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources
and Law of Sea.
(v)
Mining
Geology
Methods of prospecting-geological, geo-physical,
geochemical and geobotanical. Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves of
ore. Methods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial minerals and
marine mineral resources. Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing.
(vi)
Geochemistry
and Environmental Geology
Cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets
and meteorites. Structure and composition of earth and distribution of
elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical
bonds, coordination number. Isomorphism and polymorphism. Elementary
thermodynamics.
Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion,
earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation. Environmental impact of
urbanization, open cast mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal, use
of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and
surface water, marine pollution Environment protection-legislative measures in
India.
21
9. HORTICULTURE
PAPER – I
PART – A
1.
FUNDAMENTALS
OF HORTICULTURE
Definition, importance of horticulture in terms of
economy, production, and employment generation. Nutritional value of
horticultural crops. Divisions of horticulture and their importance. Horticultural
stations in Andhra Pradesh. Horticultural zones of India and Andhra Pradesh.
Temperature, light, humidity, rainfall and soil
requirements for horticultural crops. Selection of site for establishing an
orchard, orchard plan, systems of planting and establishment of an orchard.
Importance, scope and practicing of organic farming in horticultural crop
production.
Nutrition of horticultural crops – assessment of
nutritional requirements based on soil, tissue analysis, and field experiments.
Identification of deficiency symptoms of various nutrients and methods of
nutrient application. Assessment of irrigation requirements for different
horticultural crops and different methods of irrigation. Pruning and training,
their objectives and methods. Pollination and fruit set, problems and
requirements, flower and fruit drop, stages, causes and remedial measures.
Fruit thinning, objectives, advantages and disadvantages. Unfruitfulness,
reasons and remedial measures.
2.
PLANT
PROPAGATION AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT
Introduction, principles and classification of plant
propagation methods. Selection of site for commercial nursery. Ecological and
economic factors. Plant propagation structures, containers and media.
Sexual propagation and its importance. Seed germination,
process of seed germination. Factors affecting seed germination and
pre-germination treatments and viability tests.
A sexual propagation and it’s importance. Propagation of
plants by cuttage, types of cuttings and factors affecting regeneration of
plants from cuttings. Propagation by layerage. Methods of layerage. Factors
affecting regeneration of plants by layerage.
Propagation by grafting and importance of graftage.
Methods of grafting. Factors for successful graft formation and steps in graft
union. Methods of budding and bud wood selection. Role of rootstocks in fruit
production. Selection of rootstocks for commercial fruit plants. Production of
nursery stock. Propagation of various fruit and ornamental plants. Role of
growth regulators in propagation.
Importance of micro propagation of plants. Types of
asceptic cultures. Types of media, preparation of media and inoculation of
explants, establishment, sub culture and rooting of explants.
Establishing of in vitro rooted cuttings in
growing media and hardening.
3.
FRUIT
CROPS
Area, production, importance, uses, origin, distribution,
botany, classification of varieties, use of rootstocks, high density planting,
climate, soils, planting methods, training and pruning, nutrition, irrigation
scheduling, intercrops, weed control, problems in orchard management,
flowering, fruit set, problems in fruit set, harvesting indices, harvesting,
preharvest treatments, use of growth regulators, yield, grading, packing for
internal and export markets, ripening methods and storage in respect of mango,
banana, citrus, grape, pineapple, guava, papaya and sapota.
PART – B
4.
VEGETABLE
CROPS
Importance of vegetables in human diet and national
economy. Detailed study regarding origin and distribution, area and production,
importance, nutritive value, botany, varieties, soil and climatic requirements,
seed treatment, seed sowing/nursery raising, transplanting, nutrition,
irrigation, intercultural operations, physiological disorders, harvest indices,
harvesting, post harvest handling, curing, storage and usage of plant growth
regulators in vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal, chillies, sweet pepper,
potato, okra, cucurbitaceous crops like cucumber, pumpkin, ridege gourd, snake
gourd, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, melons like water melon and must melon,
leguminous vegetables like cluster bean, French bean, dolichos bean, pea and
broad bean, cole crops like cabbage, cauliflower and knolkhol, root crops like
radish, carrot, beetroot and turnip, bulb crops like onion and garlic, tuber
crops like sweet potato, tapioca, amorphophallus, colacasia, dioscorea and yam,
leafy vegetables like amaranthus, palak, Roselle, perennial vegetables like
drumstick, coccinia and murraya.
5.
PRESERVATION
OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Importance
and scope of fruit and vegetable preservation in India. Principles of
preservation by heat, low temperature, chemicals and various methods of
preservation Selection of site for processing,
22
processing
unit layout and precautions for hygienic conditions of the unit. Preservation
of fruits and vegetables through canning, bottling, freezing, dehydration,
drying, ultraviolet and ionizing radiations.
Micro-organisms associated with spoilage of fruit and
vegetable products. Spoilage of canned products-hydrogen swell, filipper, dent,
leaker etc., Biochemical changes associated with spoilage of fruit and
vegetable products. Preservatives and colours permitted and prohibited in
India.
Different kinds of equipments used in processing.
Preparation of jams, jellies, marmalades, candies, crystallized and glazed
fruits, preserves, chutneys, pickles, ketchup, sauce, puree, syrups, juices,
squashes and cordials.
6.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (INCLUDING C3 & C4 PLANT) PHOTOSYTHESIS RESPIRATION ETC.
GROWTH REGULATION & HARMONES
Nomenclature of plant growth substances. Plant growth
substances and their classification. History, occurrence, distribution, mode of
action, movement, mechanism of action and function of auxins, gibberellins,
cytokinins, ethylene, inhibitors, retardants, phenolic substances and
morphactins.
Role of plant growth regulators in seed and bud dormancy,
juvenility, maturity and senescence, flowering, pollination, fruitset including
parthenocarpy, fruit growth, fruit drop and fruit ripening (climacteric and
non-climacteric) and fruit colour development, tuber and bulb formation and sex
expression and extension of shelf life in fruits, vegetables and flowers. Role
of growth regulators in plant propagation.
6(a) ENTOMOLOGY
Commonly occurring pests, life cycle of pests, control
measures.
6(b) PATHOLOGY
Commonly occurring diseases, life cycle of bacteria,
fungal parasites, control measures.
HORTICULTURE
PAPER – 2
PART – A
1.
COMMERCIAL
FLORICULTURE
Area, production, importance, uses, origin, distribution,
classification of varieties, propagation, environmental factors affecting
growth and flowering, soils, nutrition, irrigation, weeding, special techniques
of production such as controlling growth and production of flowers, use of
growth regulators, harvesting, postharvest handling, extension of shelf life of
flowers of commercial flower crops such as rose, chrysanthemum, jasmine,
carnations, gladiolus, anthurium, tuberose, china aster, marigold, crossandra
and gerbera.
2.
GREENHOUSE
MANAGEMENT OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Importance, uses, scope and production of horticultural
crops in greenhouse. Status and development of greenhouse production of
horticultural crops in the world and India. Development, constraints, research
needs and future of protected culture of horticultural crops in India and A.P.
Points to be considered before establishing a greenhouse. Types of greenhouses,
classification of greenhouses based on the shapes, material used, utility and
cladding material used. Size and arrangement of greenhouses and characteristics
of various greenhouse cladding materials, greenhouse benches etc.,
Management of light, temperature (greenhouse heating and
cooling), CO2
and relative humidity inside the greenhouse.
Various types of growing media used and their suitability
for different horticultural crops. Preparation of growing media and its
pasteurization. Management of nutrients through fertigation.
Detailed production technology in respect of tomato,
cucumber, rose, carnation, gerbera, chrysanthemum and anthurium under greenhouse/polyhouse.
3.
MEDICAL,
AROMATIC, SPICE, CONDIMENT AND PLANTATION CROPS
Origin, importance, export potential, varieties, climate,
soil requirements, propagation and planting and after care, mauring,
irrigation, training, pruning, harvesting, yield and post harvest handling,
curing and processing practices, storage methods, and distillation of essential
oils of the following crops.
Medicinal Plants
Aloe, amla(aonla), stevia, ashwagandha, dioscorea, opium
poppy, sarpangandha, steroids bearing solanum, Phyllanthus amarus,
chakramani, madhunasaini, sweet flag, Catharanthus, roseus, isabgol, fox glove,
belladona, senna, tinospora, annatto, coleus, safed musli and asparagus.
23
Citronella, lemon grass, palmarosa, vettiver, geranium,
davana, mint lavender and vanilla.
Spices and condiments
Turmeric, ginger, coriander, fenugreek, cardamom, pepper,
cinnamon, clove, nutmeg and cumin.
Plantation Crops
Coconut, cashewnut, oil palm, betelvine, coffee, tea,
cacao, arecanut and rubber.
PART – B
4.
ORNAMENTAL
GARDENING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Need for bioaesthetic planning, places suitable for
bioaesthetic planning-towns, cities, villages, schools, temples, road side,
parks, ghats of rivers and canals, platforms, railway lines, public and private
buildings, institutes and places of worship. Study of ornamental trees, shrubs
and climbers used in bioaesthetic or landscape gardening. Study of cacti,
succulents and bonsai. Principles of garden designs, types of gardens-japanese,
English and Moghul gardens. Various features of gardens such as paths, garden
walls, fencing, steps, edges, hedges, arches, pergolas, shrubbery, topiary,
rockery, flower beds, lawns, fountains, statues, water garden, conservatory and
glass or greenhouse. Indoor plants, and their management.
Flower arrangement – principles, styles, containers and
holding solutions.
5.
DRYLAND
HORTICULTURE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Dryland horticulture farming, introduction, definition,
dry climate and their classifications with reference to India in general and
Andhra Pradesh in particular. Importance of horticultural crops in dryland,
yield potential of agriculture and horticulture crops in drylands. Fruits and
vegetables crops suitable for dryland farming. Adaptive features of dryland
fruit crops for drought and salinity.
Watershed management, objectives, approaches, steps in
watershed development planning, land use capability, classification, soil and
rain water conservation, water harvesting measures in watershed area. Problems
and prospects under water shed. Alternate water use system.
Cultural practices like planting, training, pruning,
nutrition and water management and harvesting of important dry land fruits
viz., ber, pomegranate, custard apple, phalsa, fig, aonla, jamun and tamarind.
6.
SOCIAL
AND FARM FORESTRY
Introduction – forests in India, forest policy and law,
gap between demand and supply of forest products. Principles of general
silviculture.
Social forestry – need, objectives and scope, choice of
species for fuelwood, fodder, smaller timber and timber, their culture, propagation,
application of agro-techniques and economic benefits, management of social
forestry plantations nurseries and their practices.
Afforestation on different problematic sites. Voluntary
organizations and their role in promoting afforestation programmes. Maintenance
and conservation of village woodlots. Energy plantations. Social forestry for
watershed management.
Farm forestry – objectives and role,
need for shelter belts and wind breaks, types of farm forestry. Agroforestry –
need, objectives, scope, principles and practices of agroforestry systems,
choice of
the tree species, and management implications. Forest
products, their processing and use.
24
10. MATHEMATICS
PAPER-I
SECTION-A
Linear Algebra:
Vector,
space, linear dependence and independence, subspaces, bases, dimensions. Finite
dimensional vector spaces.
Matrices,
Cayley-Hamilton theorem, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, matrix of linear
transformation, row and column reduction, Echelon form, equivalences,
congruences and similarity, reduction to cannonical form, rank, orthogonal,
symmetrical, skew symmetrical, unitary, hermitian, skew-hermitian forms-their
eigenvalues. Orthogonal and unitary reduction of quadratic and hermitian forms,
positive definite quadratic forms.
Calculus:
Real
numbers, limits, continuity, differentiability, mean-value theorems, Taylor’s
theorem with remainders, indeterminate forms, maximas and minima, asyptotes.
Functions of several variables: continuity, differentiability, partial
derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange’s method of multipliers, Jacobian.
Riemann’s definition of definite integrals, indefinite integrals, infinite and
improper integrals, beta and gamma functions. Double and triple integrals
(evaluation techniques only). Areas, surface and volumes, centre of gravity.
Analytic Geometry:
Cartesian
and polar coordinates in two and three dimensions, second degree equations in
two and three dimensions, reduction to canonical forms, straight lines,
shortest distance between two skew lines, plane, sphere, cone, cylinder.,
paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two sheets and their properties.
SECTION-B
Ordinary Differential Equations:
Formulation
of differential equations, order and degree, equations of first order and first
degree, integrating factor, equations of first order but not of first degree,
Clariaut’s equation, singular solution.
Higher
order linear equations, with constant coefficients, complementary function and
particular integral, general solution, Euler-Cauchy equation.
Second
order linear equations with variable coefficients, determination of complete
solution when one solution is known, method of variation of parameters.
Dynamics, Statics and Hydrostatics:
Degree of
freedom and constraints, rectilinerar motion, simple harmonic motion, motion in
a plane, projectiles, constrained motion, work and energy, conservation of
energy, motion under impulsive forces, Kepler’s laws, orbits under central
forces, motion of varying mass, motion under resistance.
Equilibrium
of a system of particles, work and potential energy, friction, common catenary,
principle of virtual work, stability of equilibrium, equilibrium of forces in
three dimensions.
Pressure of
heavy fluids, equilibrium of fluids under given system of forces Bemoulli’s
equation, centre of pressure, thrust on curved surfaces, equilibrium of
floating bodies, stability of equilibrium, metacentre, pressure of gases.
Vector Analysis:
Scalar and
vector fields, triple, products, differentiation of vector function of a scalar
variable, Gradient, divergence and curl in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical
coordinates and their physical interpretations. Higher order derivatives,
vector identities and vector equations.
Application
to Geometry: Curves in space, curvature and torsion. Serret-Frenet’s formulae,
Gauss and Stokes’ theorems, Green’s identities.
25
PAPER-2
SECTION-A
Algebra:
Groups,
subgroups, normal subgroups, homomorphism of groups quotient groups basic
isomorphism theorems, Sylow’s group, permutation groups, Cayley theorem. Rings
and ideals, principal ideal domains, unique factorization domains and Euclidean
domains. Field extensions, finite fields.
Real Analysis:
Real number
system, ordered sets, bounds, ordered field, real number system as an ordered
field with least upper bound property, cauchy sequence, completeness,
Continuity and uniform continuity of functions, properties of continuous
functions on compact sets. Riemann integral, improper integrals, absolute and
conditional convergence of series of real and complex terms, rearrangement of
series. Uniform convergence, continuity, differentiability and integrability for
sequences and series of functions. Differentiation of functions of several
variables, change in the order of partial derivatives, implicit function
theorem, maxima and minima. Multiple integrals.
Complex Analysis:
Analytic
function, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral
formula, power series, Taylor’s series, Laurent’s Series, Singularities,
Cauchy’s residue theorem, contour integration. Conformal mapping, bilinear
transformations.
Linear Programming:
Linear
programming problems, basic solution, basic feasible solution and optimal
solution, graphical method and Simplex method of solutions. Duality.
Transportation
and assignment problems. Travelling salesman problems.
SECTION-B
Partial differential equations:
Curves and
surfaces in three dimensions, formulation of partial differentiation equations,
solutions of equations of type dx/p=dy/q=dz/r; orthogonal trajectories,
pfaffian differential equations; partial differential equations of the first
order, solution by Cauchy’s method of characteristics; Charpit’s method of
solutions, linear partial differential equations of the second order with
constant coefficients, equations of vibrating string, heat equation, laplace
equation.
Numerical Analysis and Computer
programming:
Numerical
methods: Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations of one variable by
bisection, Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods, solution of system of
linear equations by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan (direct) methods,
Gauss-Seidel (iterative) method. Newton’s (Forward and backward) and Lagrange’s
method of interpolation.
Numerical integration: Simpson’s
one-third rule, tranpezodial rule, Gaussian quardrature formula. Numerical
solution of ordinary differential equations: Euler and Runge Kutta-methods.
Computer
Programming: Storage of numbers in Computers, bits, bytes and words, binary
system. arithmetic and logical operations on numbers. Bitwise operations. AND,
OR, XOR, NOT, and shift/rotate operators. Octal and Hexadecimal Systems.
Conversion to and form decimal Systems. Representation of unsigned integers,
signed integers and reals, double precision reals and long integers.
Algorithms
and flow charts for solving numerical analysis problems.
Developing
simple programs in Basic for problems involving techniques covered inn the
numerical analysis.
Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics:
Generalized
coordinates, constraints, holonomic and non -holonomic, systems, D’ Ailembert’s
principle and Lagrange’ equations, Hamilton equations, moment of intertia,
motion of rigid bodies in two dimensions.
Equations
of continuity, Euler’s equation of motion for inviscid flow, stream-lines, path
of a particle, potential flow, two-dimensional and axisymetric motion, sources
and sinks, vortex motion, flow past a cylinder and a sphere, method of images.
Navier-Stokes equation for a viscous fluid.
26
PAPER-I
1.
Theory
of machines:
Kinematic and dynamic analysis of planar mechanisms.
Cams, Gears and gear trains, Flywheels, Governors, Balancing of rigid rotors,
Balancing of single and multicylinder engines, Linear vibration analysis of
mechanical systems (single degree and two degrees of freedom), Critical speeds
and whirling of shafts, Automatic Controls, Belts and chain drives.
Hydrodynamic bearings.
2.
Mechanics
of Solids:
Stress and strain in two dimensions. Principal stresses
and strains, Mohr’s construction, linear elastic materials, isotropy and an
isotropy, Stress-strain relations, unilaxial loading, thermal stresses. Beams:
Banding moment and shear force diagrams, bending stresses and deflection of
beams, Shear stress distribution. Torsion of shafts, helical springs.
Combined stresses, Thick and thin walled pressure vessels. Struls and columns,
Strain energy concepts and theories of failure. Rotating discs. Shrink fits.
3.
Engineering
Materials:
Basic concepts on structure of solids, Crystalline
materials, Defects in crystalline materials, Alloys and binary phase diagrams,
structure and properties of common engineering materials. Heat treatment of
steels. Plastics, Ceramics and composite Materials, common applications of
various materials.
4.
Manufacturing
Science:
Merchant’s force analysis, Taylor’s tool life equation,
machinability and machining economics, Rigid, small and flexible automation,
NC, CNC. Recent machining methods- EDM, ECM and ultrasonics. Application of
lasers and plasmas, analysis of forming processes. High energy rate forming. Jigs,
fixtures, tools and gauges, Inspection of length, position, profile and surface
finish.
5.
Manufacturing
Management:
Production Planning and Control, Forecasting-Moving
average, exponential smoothing, Operations scheduling; assembly line balancing.
Product development. Breakeven analysis, Capacity planning. PERT and CPM.
Control Operations: Inventory control-ABC analysis. EOQ
model. Materials requirement planning. Job design, Job standards, work
measurement, Quality management-Quality control. Operations Research: Linear
programming-Graphical and Simplex methods. Transportation and assignment
models. Single server queuing model.
Value Engineering: Value analysis, for cost/value. Total
quality management and forecasting techniques. Project management.
6.
Elements
of Computation:
Computer Organisation, Flow charting.
Features of Common Computer Languages FORTRAN d Base III, Lotus 1-2-3 C and
elementary programming.
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
PAPER-2
1.
Thermodynamics:
Basic concept. Open and closed
systems, Applications of Thermodynamic Laws, Gas equations, Clapeyron equation,
Availability, Irreversibility and Tds relations.
2.
I.C.
Engines, Fuels and Combustion:
Spark
Ignition and compression ignition engines, Four stroke engine and Two stroke
engines,
mechanical,
thermal and volumetric efficiency, Heat balance.
Combustion process in S.I. and C.I. engines, preignition
detonation in S.I. engine Diesel knock in C.I. engine. Choice of engine fuels,
Octance and Cetane retings. Alternate fuels Carburration and Fuel injection,
Engine emissions and control. Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, stoichometric
air requirements and excess air factor, fuel gas analysis, higher and lower
calorific values and their measurements.
3.
Heat
Transfer, Refrigeration and Air conditioning:
One and two dimensional heat conduction. Heat transfer
from extended surfaces, heat transfer by forced and free convection. Heat
exchangers. Fundamentals for diffusive and connective mass transfer, Radiation
laws, heat exchange between black and non black surfaces, Network Analysis.
Heat pump refrigeration cycles and systems, Condensers, evaporators and
expansion devices and controls. Properties and choice of refrigerant,
Refrigeration Systems and components, psychometrics, comfort indices, cooling
loading calculations, solar refrigeration.
27
4.
Turbo-Machines
and Power Plants
Continuity,
momentum and Energy Equations. Adiabatic and Isentropic flow, fanno lines,
Raylegh
lines.
Theory and design of axial flow turbines and compressors, Flow through
turbo-machine balde, cascades, centrifugal compressor. Dimensional analysis and
modeling. Selection of site for steam, hydro, nuclear and stand-by power
plants, Selection base and peak load power plants, Modern High pressure, High
duty boilers, Draft and dust removal equipment, Fuel and cooling water systems,
heat balance, station and plant heat rates, operation and maintenance of
various power plants, preventive maintenance, economics of power generation.
28
PAPER-I
SECTION-A
1.
Classical
Mechanics
(a)
Particle
Dynamics
Centre of mass and laboratory coordinates, conservation
of linear and angular momentum. The rocket equation. Rutherford scattering,
Galilean transformation, intertial and non-inertial frames, rotating frames,
centrifugal and Coriolls forces, Foucault pendulum.
(b)
System
of particles
Constraints, degrees of freedom, generalized coordinates
and momenta. Lagrange’s equation and applications to linear harmonic
oscillator, simple pendulum and central force problems. Cyclic coordinates,
Hamilitonian Lagrange’s equation from Hamilton’s principle.
(c)
Rigid
body dynamics
Eulerian angles, inertia tensor,
principal moments of inertia. Euler’s equation of motion of a rigid body,
force-free motion of a rigid body. Gyroscope.
2.
Special
Relativity, Waves & Geometrical Optics
(a)
Special
Relativity
Michelson-Morley experiment and its implications. Lorentz
transformations-length contraction, time dilation, addition of velocities,
aberration and Doppler effect, massenergy relation, simple applications to a
decay process. Minkowski diagram, four dimensional momemtum vector. Covariance
of equations of Physics.
(b)
Waves
Simple harmonic motion, damped oscillation, forced
oscillation and resonance. Beats. Stationary waves in a string. Pulses and wave
packets. Phase and group velocities. Reflection and Refraction from Huygens’
principle.
(c)
Geometrical
Optics
Laws of reflection and reflection from
Fermat’s principle. Matrix method in paraxial optic-thin lens formula, nodal
planes, system of two thin lenses, chromatic and spherical aberrations.
3.
Physical
Optics
(a)
Interference
Interference of light-Young’s experiment, Newton’s rings,
interference by thin films, Michelson interferometer. Multiple beam
interference and Fabry-Perot interferometer. Holography and simple
applications.
(b)
Diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction -single slit, double slit,
diffraction grating, resolving power. Fresnel diffraction: half-period zones
and zones plates. Fresnel integrals. Application of Cornu’s spiral to the
analysis of diffraction at a straight edge and by a long narrow slit.
Diffraction by a circular aperture and the Airy pattern.
(c)
Polarisation
and Modern Optics
Production and detection of linearly and circularly
polarized light. Double refraction, quarter wave plate. Optical activity.
Principles of fibre optics attenuation; pulse dispersion in step index and
parabolic index fibres; material dispersion, single mode fibres.
Lasers-Einstein A and B coefficients. Ruby and He-Ne lasers. Characteristics of
laser light-spatial and temporal coherence. Focussing of laser beams.
Three-level scheme for laser operation.
29
4. Electricity and Magnetism:
(a)
Electrostatics
and Magnetostatics
Laplace ad Poisson equations in electrostatics and their
applications. Energy of a system of charges, multiple expansion of scalar
potential. Method of images and its applications. Potential and field due to a
dipole, force and torque on a dipole in an external field. Dielectrics,
polarization. Solutions to boundary-value problems-conducting and dielectric
spheres in a uniform electric field. Magentic shell, uniformly magnetized
sphere. Ferromagnetic materials, hysteresis, energy loss.
(b)
Current
Electricity
Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Biot-Savart law,
Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law, Lenz’ law. Self-and mutual-inductances. Mean and
rms values in AC circuits. LR CR and LCR circuits- series and parallel
resonance. Quality factor. Principle of transformer.
5.
Electromagnetic
Theory & Black Body Radiation
(a)
Electromagnetic
Theory
Displacement current and Maxwell’s equations. Wave
equations in vacuum, Poynting theorem. Vector and scalar potentials. Gauge
invariance, Lorentz and Coulomb gauges. Electromagnetic field tensor,
covariance of Maxwell’s equations. Wave equations in isotropic dielectrics,
reflection and refraction at the boundary of two dielectrics. Fresnel’s
relations. Normal and anomalous dispersion. Rayleigh scattering.
(b)
Blackbody
radiation
Blackbody
radiation ad Planck radiation law-Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien displacement law
and Rayleigh-Jeans law. Planck mass, Planck length, Planck time., Planck
temperature and Planck energy.
6.
Thermal
and Statistical Physics
(a)
Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible
processes, entropy. Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric processes and
entropy change. Otto and Diesel engines, Gibbs’ phase rule and chemical
potential. van der Waals equation of state of a real gas, critical constants.
Maxwell-Boltzman distribution of molecular velocities, transport phenomena,
equipartition and virial theorems. Dulong-Petit, Einstein, and Debye’s theories
of specific heat of solids. Maxwell relations and applications. Clausius-Clapeyron
equation. Adiabatic demagnetization, Joule-Kelvin effect and liquefaction of
gases.
(b)
Statistical
Physics
Saha ionization formula. Bose-Einstein condensation.
Thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Fermi gas, Chandrasekhar limit, elementary
ideas about neutron stars and pulsars. Brownian motion as a random walk,
diffusion process. Concept of negative temperatures.
PHYSICS
PAPER-2
SECTION-A
1.
Quantum
Mechanics I
Wave-particle duality. Schroedinger equation and
expectation values. Uncertainty principle. Solutions of the one-dimensional
Schroedinger equation free particle (Gaussian wave -packet), particle in a box,
particle in a finite well, linear harmonic oscillator. Reflection and
transmission by a potential step and by a rectangular barrier. Use of WKB
formula for the life-time calculation in the alpha-decay problem.
2.
Quantum
Mechanics II & Atomic Physics
(a)
Quantum
Mechanics II
Particle in a three dimensional box,
density of states, free electron theory of metals. The angular meomentum
problem. The hydrogen atom. The spin half problem and properties of Pauli spin
matrices.
(b)
Atomic
Physics
Stern-Gerlack
experiment, electron spin, fine structure of hydrogen atom. L-S coupling, J-J
coupling. Spectroscopic notation of
atomic states. Zeeman effect. Frank-Condon principle and applications.
30
Elementary theory of rotational, vibrational and
electronic spectra of diatomic molecules. Raman effect and molecular structure.
Laser Raman spectroscopy importance of neutral hydrogen atom, molecular
hydrogen and molecular hydrogen ion in astronomy Fluorescence and
Phosphorescence. Elementary theory and applications of NMR. Elementary ideas
about Lamb shift and its significance.
SECTION-B
4.
Nuclear
Physics
Basic nuclear properties-size, binding energy, angular
momentum, parity, magnetic moment. Semi-empirical mass formula and
applications. Mass parabolas. Ground state of a deuteron magnetic moment and
noncentral forces. Meson theory of nuclear forces. Salient features of nuclear
forces. Shell model of the nucleus-success and limitations. Violation of parity
in beta decay. Gamma decay and internal conversion. Elementary ideas about
Mossbauer spectroscopy. Q-value of nuclear reactions. Nuclear fission and fusion,
energy production in stars. Nuclear reactors.
5.
Particle
Physics & Solid State Physics
(a)
Particle
Physics
Classification of elementary particles and their
interactions. Conservation laws. Quark structure of hadrons. Field quanta of
electroweak and strong interactions. Elementary ideas about Unification of
Forces. Physics of neutrinos.
(b)
Solid
State Physics
Cubic crystal structure. Band theory of solids-
conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Elements of superconductivity,
Meissner effect, Josephson junctions and applications. Elementary ideas about
high temperature superconductivity.
6.
Electronics
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors-p-n-p and n-p-n
transistors. Amplifiers and oscillators. Op-amps. FET, JFET and MOSFET. Digital
electronics-Boolean identities, De; Morgan’s laws, Logic gates and truth
tables., Simple logic circuits. Thermistors, solar cells. Fundamentals of
microprocessors and digital computers.
31
PAPER-I
Probability:
Sample
space and events, probability measure and probability space, random variable as
a measurable function, distribution function of a random variable, discrete and
continuous-type random variable probability mass function, probability density
function, vector-valued random variable, marginal and conditional
distributions, stochastic independence of events and of random variables, expectation
and moments of a random variable, conditional expectation, convergence of a
sequence of random variable in distribution, in probability, in p-th mean and
almost everywhere, their criteria and inter-relations, Borel-Cantelli lemma,
Chebyshev’s and Khinchine’s weak laws of large numbers, strong law of large
numbers and kolmogorov’s theorems, Glivenko-Cantelli theorem, probability
generating function, characteristic function, inversion theorem, Laplace
transform, related uniqueness and continuity theorems, determination of
distribution by its moments. Linderberg and Levy forms of central limit
theorem, standard discrete and continuous probability distributions, their
inter-relations and limiting cases, simple properties of finite Markov chains.
Statistical Inference
Consistency,
unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency, minimal sufficiency, completeness,
ancillary statistic, factorization theorem, exponential family of distribution
and its properties, uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimation, Rao-Blackwell
and Lehmann-Scheffe theorems, Cramer- Rao inequality for single and
several-parameter family of distributions, minimum variance bound estimator and
its properties, modifications and extensions of Cramer-Rao inequality,
Chapman-Robbins inequality, Bhattacharyya’s bounds, estimation by methods of
moments, maximum likelihood, least squares, minimum chi-square and modified
minimum chi-square, properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators, idea
of asymptotic efficiency, idea of prior and posterior distributions, Bayes
estimators.
Non-randomised
and randomized tests, critical function, MP tests, Neyman-Pearson lemma, UMP
tests, monotone likelihood ratio, generalized Neyman-Pearson lemma, similar and
unbiased tests, UMPUtests for single and several-parameter families of
distributions, likelihood rotates and its large sample properties, chi-square
goodness of fit test and its asymptotic distribution.
Confidence
bounds and its relation with tests, uniformly most accurate (UMA) and UMA
unbiased confidence bounds.
Kolmogorov’s
test for goodness of fit and its consistency, sign test and its optimality.
Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and its consistency, Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample
test, run test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and median test, their consistency
and asymptotic normality.
Wald’s SPRT
and its properties, OC and ASN functions, Wald’s fundamental identity,
sequential estimation.
Linear Inference and Multivariate
Analysis
Linear
statistical models’, theory of least squares and analysis of variance,
Gauss-Markoff theory, normal equations, least squares estimates and their
precision, test of significance and interval estimates based on least squares
theory in one-way, two-way and three-way classified data, regression analysis,
linear regression, curvilinear regression and orthogonal polynomials, multiple
regression, multiple and partial correlations, regression diagnostics and
sensitivity analysis, calibration problems, estimation of variance and
covariance components, MINQUE theory, multivariate normal distribution,
Mahalanobis;’ D2
and Hotelling’s T2
statistics and their applications and properties, discriminant analysis,
canonical correlations, one-way MANOVA, principal component analysis, elements
of factor analysis.
Sampling Theory and Design of
Experiments
An outline
of fixed-population and super population approaches, distinctive features of
finite population sampling, probability sampling designs, simple random
sampling with and without replacement, stratified random sampling, systematic
sampling and its efficacy for structural populations, cluster sampling,
two-stage and multi-stage sampling, ratio and regression, methods of estimation
involving one or more auxiliary variables, two-phase sampling, probability
proportional to size sampling with and without replacement, the Hansen-Hurwitz
and the Horvits-Thompson estimators, non-negative variance estimation with
reference to the Horvitz- Thompson estimator, non-sampling errors, Warner’s
randomized response technique for sensitive characteristics.
Fixed effects
model (two -way classification) random and mixed effects models (two-way
classification with equal number of observation per cell), CRD, RBD, LSD and
their analyses, incomplete block designs, concepts of orthogonality and
balance, BIBD, missing plot technique, factorial designs: 2n, 32 and 33, confounding in factorial
experiments, split-plot and simple lattice designs.
32
PAPER-2
I.
Industrial
Statistics
Process and product control, general theory of control
charts, different types of control charts for variables and attributes, X, R,
s, p, np and c charts, cumulative sum chart, V-mask, single, double, multiple
and sequential sampling plans for attributes, OC, ASN, AQ and ATI curves,
concepts of producer’s and consumer’s risks, AQL, LTPD and AOQL, sampling plans
for variables, use of Dodge-Romig and Military Standard tables. Concepts of
reliability, maintainability and availability, reliability of series and
parallel systems and other simple configurations, renewal density and renewal
function, survival models (exponential), Weibull, lognormal, Rayleign, and
bath-tub, different types of redundancy and use of redundancy in reliability
improvement, problems in life-testing, censored and truncated experiments for
exponential models.
II.
Optimization
Techniques
Different, types of models in Operational Research, their
construction and general methods of solution, simulation and Monte- Carlo
methods, the structure and formulation of linear programming (LP) problem,
simple LP model and its graphical solution, the simplex procedure, the
two-phase method and the M-technique with artificial variables, the duality
theory of LP and its economic interpretation, sensitivity analysis,
transportation and assignment problems, rectangular games, two-person zero-sum
games, methods of solution (graphical and algerbraic).
Replacement of failing or deteriorating items, group and
individual replacement policies, concept of scientific inventory management and
analytical structure of inventory problems, simple models with deterministic
and stochastic demand with and without lead time, storage models with
particular reference to dam type.
Homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains, transition
probability matrix, classification of states and ergodeic theorems, homogeneous
continuous-time Markov chains, Poisson process, elements of queueing theory,
M/M/1, M/M/K, G/M/1 and M/G/1 queues.
Solution
of statistical problems on computers using well known statistical software
packages like
SPSS.
III.
Quantitative
Economics and Official Statistics
Determination of trend, seasonal and cyclical components,
Box-Jenkins method, tests for stationery of series, ARIMA models and
determination of orders of autoregressive and moving average components,
forecasting.
Commonly used index numbers-Laspeyre’s, Paashe’s and
Fisher’s ideal index numbers, chain-base index number uses and limitations of
index numbers, index number of wholesale prices, consumer price index number,
index numbers of agricultural and industrial production, test for index numbers
like proportionality test, time-reversal test, factor-reversal test, circular
test and dimensional invariance test.
General linear model, ordinary least squares and
generalized least squires methods of estimation, problem of multicollinearlity,
consequences and solutions of multicollinearity, autocorrelation and its
consequences, heteroscedasticity of disturbances and its testing, test for
independence of disturbances, Zellner’s seemingly unrelated regression equation
model and its estimation, concept of structure and model for simultaneous
equations, problem of indentification-rank and order conditions of identifiability,
two-stage least squares method of estimation.
Present official statistical system in India relating to
population, agriculture, industrial production, trade and prices, methods of
collection of official statistics, their reliability and limitation and the
principal publications containing such statistics, various official agencies
responsible for data collection and their main functions.
IV. Demography and Psychometry
Demographic data from census, registration, NSS and other
surveys, and their limitation and uses, definition, construction and uses of
vital rates and ratios, measures of fertility, reproduction rates, morbidity
rate, standardized death rate, complete and abridged life tables, construction
of life tables from vital statistics and census returns, uses of life tables,
logistic and other population growth curves, fifting a logistic curve,
population projection, stable population theory, uses of stable population and
quasi-stable population techniques in estimation of demographic parameters, morbidity
and its measurement, standard classification by cause of death, health surveys
and use of hospital statistics.
Method of standardization of scales and tests, Z-scores,
standard scores, T- scores, percentile scores, intelligence quotient and its measurement
and uses, validity of test scores and its determination, use of factor analysis
and path analysis in psychometry.
33
PAPER-I
SECTION-A
1.
Non-Chordata
and Chordata :
(a)
Classification
and relationship of various phyla upto sub-classes; Acoelomata and Coelomata;
Protostomes and Deuterostomes, Bilateralia and Radiata; Status of Protista,
Parazoa, Onychophora and Hemichordata; Symmetry.
(b)
Protozoa:
Locomotion,
nutrition, reproduction; evolution of sex; General features and life history
of Paramaecium, Monocystis, Plasmodium, and Leishmania.
(c)
Porifera:
Skeleton, canal
system and reproduction.
(d)
Coelenterata:
Polymorphism, defensive
structures and their mechanism; coral reefs and their formation;
metagenesis; general features and life history of Obelia and Aurelia.
(e)
Platyhelminthes:
Parasitic adaptation;
general features and life history of Fasciola and Taenia and their relation
to man.
(f)
Nemathelminthes:
General features,
life history and parasitic adaptation of Ascaris; nemathelminths in
relation to man.
(g)
Annelida:
Coelom and
metamerism; modes of life in polychaetes; general features and life history
of neries (Neanthes), earthworm (Pheretima) and leach (Hirudinaria).
(h)
Arthropoda:
Larval forms and
parasitism in Crustacea; vision and respiration in arthropods (prawn,
cockroach and scorpion); modification of mouth parts in insects (cockroach,
mosquito, housefly, honey bee and butterfly); metamorphosis in insects and its
hormonal regulation; social organization in insects (termites and honey bees).
(i)
Mollusca:
Feeding, respiration,
locomotion, shell diversity; general features and life history of
Lamellidens, Pila and Sepia, torsion and detorsion in gastropods.
(j)
Echinodermata:
Feeding, respiration,
locomotion larval forms; general features and life history of Asterias.
(k)
Protochordata:
Origin of chordates;
general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdamania.
(l)
Pisces:
Scales, respiration,
locomotion, migration.
(m)
Amphibia:
Origin of tetrapods;
parental care, paedomorphosis.
(n)
Reptilia:
Origin of reptiles;
skull types; status of Sphenodon and crocodiles.
(o)
Aves:
Origin of birds;
flight adaptation, migration.
(p)
Mammalia:
Origin of mammals;
dentition; general features of egglaying mammals, pouched-mammals,
aquatic mammals and primates; endocrine glands and other hormone producing
structures (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and
their interrelationships.
(q)
Comparative
functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates (integument and its derivatives,
endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system,
circulatory system including heart and aortic arches; urinogenital system,
brain and sense organs (eye and ear).
SECTION-B
I.
Ecology:
(a) Biosphere: Biogeochemical cycles,
green-houses effect, ozone layer and its impact; ecological succession, biomes
and ecotones.
(b) Population, characteristics,
population dynamics, population stabilization.
(c) Conservation of natural resources-
mineral mining, fisheries, aquaculture; forestry; grassland; wildlife (Project
Tiger); sustainable production in agriculture-integrated pest management.
(d) Environmental biodegradation;
pollution and its impact on biosphere and its prevention.
II.
Ethology:
(a) Behaviour: Sensory filtering,
responsiveness, sign stimuli, learning, instinct, habituation, conditioning,
imprinting.
(b) Role of hormones in drive; role of
pheromones in alarm spreading; crypsis, predator detection, predator tactics,
social behaviour in insects and primates; courtship (Drosophila, 3-spine
stickleback and birds).
(c) Orientation, navigation, homing;
biological rhythms; biological clock, tidal, seasonal and circadian rhythms.
(d) Methods of studying animal behaviour.
III.
Economic
Zoology:
(a) Apiculture, sericulture, lac culture,
carp culture, pearl culture, prawn culture.
(b) Major infectious and communicable
diseases (small pox, plague, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera and AIDS) their
vectors, pathogens and prevention.
34
(c)
Cattle
and livestock diseases, their pathogens (helminthes) and vectors (ticks, mites,
Tabanus, Stomoxys)
(d) Pests of sugar cane (Pyrilla
perpusiella), oil seed (Achaea janata) and rice (Sitophilus oryzae).
IV.
Biostatistics:
Designing of experiments; null hypothesis; correlation,
regression, distribution and measure of central tendency, chi square, student
t-test, F-test (one-way & two-way F-test).
V.
Instrumental
methods:
(a) Spectrophotometry, flame photometry,
Geiger-Muller counter, scintiliation counting.
(b) Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM).
ZOOLOGY
PAPER-2
SECTION-A
I.
Cell
Biology :
(a) Structure and function of cell and its
organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosomes and lysosomes), cell division (mitosis and meiosis),
mitotic spindle and mitotic apparatus, chromosome movement.
(b) Watson-Crick model of DNA, replication
of DNA, protein synthesis, transcription and transcription factors.
II.
Genetics
(a) Gene structure and functions; genetic
code.
(b) Sex chromosomes and sex determination
in Drosophilla, nematodes and man.
(c) Mendel’s laws of inheritance,
recombination, linkage, linkagemaps, multiple alleles, cistron concept;
genetics of blood groups.
(d) Mutations and mutagenesis : radiation
and chemical.
(e) Cloning technology, plasmids and
cosmids as vectors, transgenics, transposons, DNA sequence cloning and whole
animal cloning (Principles and methodology).
(f) Regulation and gene expression in pro-and
eu-karyotes.
(g) Signal transduction; pedigreeanalysis;
cogenital diseases in man.
(h) Human genome mapping; DNA
finger-printing.
III.
Evolution
(a) Origin of life
(b) Natural selection, role of mutation in
evaluation, mimicry, variation, isolation, speciation
(c) Fossils and fossilization; evolution
of horse, elephant and man.
(d) Hardy-Weinberg law, causes of change
in gene frequency.
(e) Continental drift and distribution of
animals.
IV. Systematics
(a) Zoological nomenclature; international code;
cladistics.
SECTION-B
I.
Biochemistry
(a)
Structure
and role of carbohydrates, fats, lipids, proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids;
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol.
(b)
Glycolysis
and Krebs cycle, oxidation and reduction, oxidative phosphorylation; energy
conservation and release, ATP, cyclic AMP-its structure and role.
(c)
Hormone
classification (steroid and peptide hormones), biosynthesis and function.
(d)
Enzymes:
types and mechanisms of action; immunoglobulin and immunity; vitamins and
co-enzymes.
(e)
Bioenergetics.
II.
Physiology
(with special
reference of mammals)
(a) Composition and constituents of blood;
blood groups and Rh factor in man; coagulation, factors and mechanism of
coagulation; acid-base balance, thermo regulation.
(b) Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport;
hemoglobin : constituents and role in regulation.
(c) Nultritive requirements; role of
salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands in digestion and
absorption.
(d) Excretory products; nephron and
regulation of urine formation; osmoregulation.
(e) Types of muscles, mechanism of
contraction of skeletal muscles.
35
(g) Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.
(h) Mechanism of hormone action.
(i) Physiology of reproduction, role of
hormones and phermones.
III. Developmental Biology
(a) Differentiation from gamete to neurula
stage; differentiation; metaplasia, induction, morphogenesis and morphogen;
fate maps of gastrulae in frog and chick; oganogenesis of eye and heart,
placenation in mammals.
(b) Role of cytoplasm in and genetic control
of development; cell lineage; causation of metamorphosis in frog and insects;
paedogenesia and neoteny; growth, degrowth and cell death; ageing;
blastogenesis; regeneration; teratogenesis; neoplasia.
(c) Invasiveness of placenta; in vitro
fertilization; embryo transfer, cloning.
(d) Baer’s law; evo-devo concept.
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